Vijayakumar R. Raja Dr. The proposed system aims to satisfy the load demand, reduce power interruption and manage the power flow from different sources, inject surplus power from the grid to charge the battery when power from the PV panel not harvested, it is achieved with the help of Microcontroller connected to hybrid supply with the help of Relay.
The relay act as open circuit when the energy from the solar panel is harvested or else it act as closed circuit when the energy from solar panel is not harvested. When the relay is closed circuited the power the AC grid is used via rectifier.
Rapid depletion of fossil fuel reserves, ever increasing energy demand and concerns over climate change motivate power generation from renewable energy sources. Solar photovoltaic PV have emerged as popular energy sources due to their eco-friendly nature and cost effectiveness.
However, these sources are intermittent in nature. Hence, it is a difficult to supply stable and continuous power using these sources.
This can be addressed by efficiently integrating with energy storage elements. The interesting complementary behavior of PV power insulation and Grid power minimum utilization pattern coupled with the help of DC-DC converter, has led to the research on their integration resulting in the hybrid PV systems. To achieving the integration of multiple renewable sources to overcome the power interruption and power demand in our proposed system, the traditional approach involves using dedicated single-input converters one for each source, which are connected to a common DC-DC converter for maximum the efficiency of the system.
However, these converters DC-DC Buck-Boost are not effectively utilized, due to the intermittent nature of the renewable sources. In addition, there are many power conversion stages which reduce the efficiency of the system. The microcontroller is connected to the system to monitor the voltage rating and display the values with the help of LCD display. Another part of this system has AC supply converted to DC supply with the help of the Full wave rectifier and given to the relay module.
The supply from battery or from the rectifier is given to the inverter to convert DC supply to AC supply. Microcontroller simultaneously monitor the voltage from the PV panel when it is not sufficient then it on relay to charge battery and then give the supply to inverter. Then the inverter produced v as output. We can now charge the electrical vehicles using separate adapter regarding to the capacity of the vehicles battery. The equation for implementing the INC algorithm can be easily gotten from the basic power equation.
The equation for power is given as, differentiating the above equation with respect to voltage. So the equivalent load is not linear and because of the varieties in accessible energy source, load can fluctuate over a wide scope of bends. When the voltage from the battery is low the microcontroller triggers the relay module to open contact. In an isolated system, excessive electricity is usually stored in batteries during the day and the batteries are used to power the appliances in times when PV panels do not absorb enough energy.
Bidirectional DC-DC converter also known as electronic charge controller plays an important part in an isolated solar system. The goal is to ensure the battery charging cycle is working at optimal conditions, mainly to prevent overcharging and deep discharge. Simulation Model The above is the simulation model of our proposed system which helps to design and implement our proposed model.
The simulation model has all the components that are connected to give the proposed model of our system. Output Waveform. The existing system use only grid supply that is main disadvantage because to manage the power demand it is quite difficult. The existing system does not contain hybrid source of energy to manage the power demand. The DC-DC buck-boost converter plays an important part in an isolated solar system.
The existing electronic charge controller only utilizes a single power source to charge the batteries, either the renewable source or non-renewable source.
To overcome the limitation, some hybrid electronic charge controllers have been developed to incorporate multiple sources to charging sources such as AC grid power and PV power. Nonetheless, some controllers are having still lack of perfect techniques for proper utilization of multiple charging sources. Some charge controllers were used a timer to switch-on or cut-off the power supply. Besides, the charging time taken was longer. In this paper, a development of a hybrid charge controller for the battery and its implementation are discussed.
One of the main purposes of the hybrid charge controller is to supply a continuous charging power source to the battery. Furthermore, the hybrid charge controller was developed to shorten the battery charging time taken.
The solar energy is utilized whenever the solar irradiation is high. The main grid supply will be only consumed whenever the solar irradiation is low.
In realization of the present work, actual relevant studies have been identified regarding the design, the optimization, the simulation of solar charging stations for electrical vehicles, different approaches being critically analyzed, but also the current state of the global implementation of these energy generating systems, based upon the green charging solar station concept for green electrical vehicle.
The charge controller circuit comprises of electronic components such as capacitors, resistors, op- amps, diodes, transistors and light emitting diodes.
The charge controller circuit in conjunction with the microcontroller is manipulated such that it can detect presence or absence of battery at the charging terminal, wrong battery polarity connection at the charging terminals, charging status of the battery, full charge status of the battery and float charge.
Rectifier for secondary supply The Arduino microcontroller was used in the work to monitor the battery charge status and to further drive the liquid crystal display to enable the user have a deep knowledge of the system functionalities. The design uses a combination of constant current and constant voltage to charge batteries connected across its terminals for 12V batteries. It is a common problem to always overcharge batteries thereby shortening the life span of the batteries and increasing the Mean Time to Failure of such batteries.
Controlled inverter The charge controller circuit in conjunction with the microcontroller is manipulated such that it can detect presence or absence of battery at the charging terminal. The battery charger is used to put energy into a secondary cell by forcing electric current through it.
An efficient battery charger requires a charge controller whose main function is to keep the batteries properly charged and safe for the long term and prevent it from deep discharging. A voltage regulator, which give constant voltage to Arduino board regardless of battery voltage Battery voltage must not drop below The two capacitors connected to voltage regulator gives stability which act as filter to convert DC to pure AC.
The input capacitor uF helps the inverter to start softly and provide immunity against sudden input voltage fluctuations. The transformer is a step down one, which is used in reverse to step-up the voltage and it its center tapped.
PV system in a bid for a residential or small commercial building. We will also cover those details of the technology and installation that may be helpful in selecting subcontractors to perform the work, working with a designer, and directing work as it proceeds.
Solar panel Arrays are most commonly mounted on roofs or on steel poles set in concrete. In certain applications, they may be mounted at ground level or on building walls. Solar modules can also be mounted to serve as part or all of a shade structure such as a patio cover.
On roof-mounted systems, the PV array is typically mounted on fixed racks, parallel to the roof for aesthetic reasons and stood off several inches above the roof surface to allow airflow that will keep them as cool as practical. The DC power supply with both positive and negative output voltages, a step-up transformer is used and Arduino operates at low power.
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Where many relays are used to an electromagnet to mechanically operate a switch, but other operating principles are also used, such as solid state relays. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal where several circuits must be controlled by one signal.
The first relays were used in long distance telegraph circuits as amplifiers they repeated the signal coming from one circuit and retransmitted it on another circuit. The loading capacity limits are assumed to be made available by the DSO.
The EV batteries are considered as purely resistive loads that charge at a constant power rating. The operation results show that the system control, PV electricity estimation, EV charging load projection, and battery SOC optimization are executed as expected.
The estimated PV electricity based on the extracted weather information reflects the actual PV electricity generation. More complicated PV electricity forecasting models with more accurate hour-by-hour weather information could improve the accuracy of the estimated PV electricity. The linear fit of the historical EV charging load data for each day of the week for the latest six-week period seems appropriate for extracting the charging pattern of a workplace EV charging station.
Since the current charging station has only one outlet, the uncertainty and contingency will affect the result of the load demand projection. The intelligent energy management strategy is best suited for charging station systems having one large energy storage battery and multiple charging outlets.
Dhinesh, T. Premkumar, S. Saravanan and G. Vinoth, T. Muthukumar, M. Murugagndam and S. Malayandi, Dr. Saravanan, Dr. Sasipriya, T. Malathi, and S. Ranjitha, V. Dhinesh, M. The non-inverting inputs of the opamps are individually attached to presets which are appropriately set to respond to the relevant voltage levels by making their outputs high sequentially.
The indications for the same could be monitored via the connected colored LEDs. The yellow LED associated with A2 may be set for indicating the low voltage cut-off threshold. A4 LED indicates the upper full charge level of the battery It does not belong to anybody and is, therefore, free. It is also the most important of the non-conventional sources of energy because it is non-polluting and, therefore, helps in lessening the greenhouse effect. Solar energy can also be used to meet our electricity requirements.
This electricity can either be used as it is or can be stored in the battery. This stored electrical energy then can be used at night. SPV can be used for a number of applications such as: a. Advantages : 1. Renewable energy 2. Reduce Electricity Bill 3. Diverse Applicantion 4. Low maintainance cost 5. Technology Development Disadvantages: 1.
Cost 2. Weather Dependent 3. Solar Storage energy is expensive 4. Uses a lot of space 5. Associated with Pollution A solar battery is a rechargeable battery that integrates a solar cell with battery power storage.
A second meaning of solar battery are rechargeable batteries which have been developed specifically for use in photovoltaic systems or are just used for. They are used especially in stand-alone systems for storage of energy produced by solar panels and batteries as a buffer when major consumer operation.
It's Sustainable Silicon solar panels generate electricity without noise or emissions, and are comprised almost entirely of recyclable materials like silicon, silver, and aluminum.
In addition, solar photovoltaic panels do not require water for operation, critically important for sustainable communities around the world. FIG 1. A solar cell is made from a thin wafer of silicon, similar to a computer chip, but bigger. What are the different types of solar modules? It has gotten better with improvements in efficiency, quality and versatility continue to develop.
First for battery to output,I gave supply supply from power supply. I tested Voltage across each output and adjusted the resisitor across it. Second for solar to battery fig 3. Third for adapter ,I have put uf across resistor and 1 uf across output. This 24v ac is then passed across 4 diodes and capacitor and we get 15v dc at the output.
Adapter is used to convert from ac to dc. I checked layout with multimeter to know whether the layout is shorted or no. First while using breadboard I started adjusting resisior across load to get specific output at required voltage. Faulty default in 1k pot. During PCB Layout some lines were shorted. During soldering ,3 pin Ic lm was overheated.
Soldering was a problem because some components were overheated. While testing on Breadboard I used lm ,4 opamps ,which the circuit work really well but took lot of space and separate VCC and Ground to provide made the circuit complicated and difficult to find error,inorder to reduce size and cost.
At Voltage 3. This shows Non inverting value is Greater than Inverting ,so led glows 2. At Voltage 5. Output 2 glows. At Voltage 8. Output 3 glows. Simulataneously the load glows too 4. At voltage ALL leds are glowing ,showing it is greater than reference voltage and load is on. Fortunately, the solar resource dwarfs current and projected future electricity demand.
In recent years, solar costs have fallen substantially, and installed capacity has grown very rapidly. Particularly if a substantial price is not put on carbon dioxide emissions, expanding solar output to the level appropriate to the climate challenge likely will not be possible at tolerable cost without significant changes in government policies.
0コメント